Tilapia; from the Nile to the World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1208 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This study addressed the potential of tilapia aquaculture as a major contributor to food production and poverty alleviation all over the world. To encompass this subject, tilapia history, origin, aquaculture potential, constraints, current and future production levels were reviewed. Tilapias are native to the River Nile and Africa in general then they were introduced and disseminated worldwide. Positive aquacultural characteristics of tilapia made tilapias the most cultured species worldwide now and in the near future. Tilapia world production is expected to reach 3 million tons this year 2010. Thus, tilapias could make a significant contribution to the livelihoods support especially in the tropical and subtropical countries. Key words: Tilapia, Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, introduction, production, River Nile. INTRODUCTION Tilapia is the second world wide cultured species after carps. They are also known as â€Å"Aquaculture Chicken† as they are present in all continents except Antarctic. Tilapia culture goes back to the ancient Egyptians who cultured Nile tilapia in ponds around 5000 years ago as indicated by paints on the walls of Pharaohs’ tombs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tilapia; from the Nile to the World" essay for you Create order Moreover, tilapia has a Hilogryphs and was known as in. t. Aristotle named it as â€Å"Nile Tilapia† or fish of the Nile; 300 years BC. Thus, Tilapia is native to the Nile River (Fig. 1) and to Africa in general (1 and 2). Tilapias were then introduced to many countries in the 1950s and 1960s as a wonder fish. Although tilapia had certainly, a major impact on aquaculture developments in Asia and the Pacific since the 1970s, there are some claims that tilapias are invasive and affected the native species in the natural water ecosystems. However, there is scant explicit evidence to indicate that tilapias have been overly destructive environmentally (6). Such claims frightened and prevented some countries such as Australia to introduce tilapia culture to their lands. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review tilapia production, the constraints hindering global tilapia culture and to discuss the suggested solutions as well as future perspectives. Fig. 1 Map of the River Nile Taxonomical classification Recently, there are 3 main genera of tilapia (under family Cichlidae) according to the reproductive behavior; Oreochromis (Females only are mouth brooders), Sarotherodon (both males and females share in the process of mouth incubation of eggs, larvae and frys) and Tilapia (substrate breeders) (Figs. 2 3). Before 1970s, all tilapia species were categorized under 1 genus; tilapia. Commonly, tilapia nilotica is still used by some scientists who don’t accept the modern classification (1). Fig. 2 The most common Tilapia species and hybrids Fig. 3 Reproductive behavior of tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus Introduction of tilapia to Asia and to the world Although aquaculture is considered an old tradition, modern aquaculture is essentially a post-1950 phenomenon. O. niloticus became the preferred tilapia species for aquaculture in the region (3). Although it is difficult to assess whether this species has made a significant contribution to the animal protein needs of rural Asian communities, it certainly had a major impact on aquaculture developments in Asia and the Pacific since the 1970s. Twelve tilapia species (six Oreochromis spp. ; two Sarotherodon spp. ; and four Tilapia spp. ) and one hybrid have been introduced into 30 Asian countries. Of the species introduced to Asia, O. mossambicus and O. niloticus are by far the most important from both production and scientific points of view. These species are now widely distributed in most of Asia and occur in natural and quasi-natural waters making them a part of the fish fauna of most of tropical and even sub-tropical Asian aquatic environments (4). The red tilapia, a hybrid between strains of O. mossambicus x O. niloticus is currently considered as important to aquaculture in Asia (5). In general, Tilapias have been introduced into over 90 countries worldwide, with a global distribution second only to common carp. Although tilapia has been associated with adverse environmental impacts, detailed analysis of the literature suggested that other factors, such as over fishing, environmental degradation from land-based activities, and changes in hydrological regime have probably been more responsible for adverse impacts. It is clear that numerous factors working together can impact biodiversity. It is also clear that tilapias, as a group of alien species, have made a significant contribution to food production, poverty alleviation and livelihoods support in Asia and the Pacific. In spite of the wide-scale introduction into Asian waters, there is scant explicit evidence to indicate that tilapias have been overly destructive environmentally (6). Thus, Asian countries are major producers and consumers (7) Tilapia Production The current aquaculture production (2002) of tilapias is about 1. 5 million tones, the great bulk of which takes place in Asia accounting for nearly 80 percent of the total world production. It is important to note, however, that tilapia culture in Africa and South America is also increasing. Prior to the mid-1990s, the yield of tilapia from capture fisheries was greater than that from aquaculture. Currently, the later accounts for approximately 2. 5 times the production from capture fisheries. Tilapia aquaculture production increased from 28 000 tons to 1. 504 million tons globally from 1970 to 2002; in Asia and the Pacific, production increased from 23 000 tons to 1. 192 million tons equivalent to an annual growth rate of 13. 2 percent and 13. 1 percent, respectively. In contrast, capture fisheries for tilapias have grown at the rate of 3. 5 percent per annum. China alone produces nearly half of the world tilapia production followed by Egypt, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan (Fig. ). Tilapias can be reared in ponds, tanks, cages and rice fields. Fig. 4 The highest ranked countries in Tilapia production Constraints of Tilapia culture †¢Over-population due to early sexual maturity of tilapia. †¢Cold sensitivity. †¢Vulnerability for toxins of blue green algae in case of tilapia monoculture. †¢Claims of invasiveness of tilapia. Suggested solutions a nd useful practices †¢Production of monosex tilapia via Genetic hybridization. †¢Avoid hormonal monosex production. †¢Sterilization. †¢Polyculture with predators like catfish. †¢Crossing with cold resistant strains such as O. ureus. †¢More research is still needed to mitigate the sensitivity to blue green algae’s toxin. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Positive aquacultural characteristics of tilapia as their tolerance to poor water quality, easy spawning, biological controllers for aquatic weeds and mosquitoes as well as the fact that they eat a wide range of natural food organisms make tilapias the most cultured species worldwide now and in the near future. Tilapia world production is expected to reach 3 million tons in this year 2010 (Fig. 5) (double of tilapia production in 2002). Thus, tilapias could make a significant contribution to food production, poverty alleviation and livelihoods support all over the world especially in the tropical and subtropical countries. Fig. 5 Future global tilapia production from aquaculture REFERENCES 1- SRAC; Southern Regional Aquaculture Center (1999): â€Å"Tilapia Life History and Biology†. SRAC Publication No. 283. 2- www. miami-aquaculture. com 3- Smith, I. R. and Pullin, R. S. V. (1984): â€Å"Tilapia production booms in the Philippines†. ICLARM Newsletter 7: 7 9. 4- Pethiyagoda, R. (1994): â€Å"Treats to indigenous freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka and remarks on their conservation†. Hydrobiologia 285: 189 201. 5- Welcomme, R. L. Vidthayanon, C. (1999): â€Å"Report on the impacts of introductions and stocking in the Mekong Basin and policies for control. Management of Reservoir Fisheries in the Mekong Basin†, Phase I. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Mekong River Commission, 62 pp. 6- De Silva, S. S; Subasinghe, R. P. ; Bartley, D. M. ; Lowther, A. (2004): â€Å"Tilapias as alien aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: a review†. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 453. Rome, FAO. 2004. 65p. 7- Kevin Fitzsimmons (2008): â€Å"Global Update 2008: Tilapia Production, Innovations, and Markets†. Orlando, FL, Aquaculture America, Feb 2008.

Marketing Blunder - 1629 Words

MARKETING BLUNDERS NAME- ASHIMA AGGARWAL GROUP-L-71 ROLL NO-10/422 INTRODUCTION: The most fatal and prevalent commercial mistakes that entrepreneurs and companies make are marketing or market related. One of the leading venture capitalists, who has looked at thousands of business plans and helped to launch many firms, says there are two reasons why companies fail. The first is lack of sales, and the second is lack of everything else. A startup business or new product or service usually fails because the firm does not satisfy enough customers, or does not do it better than the competition. Every company venturing into a new international market has to tread very carefully. In a bid to rush into uncharted territories, they often†¦show more content†¦Compounded with it a majority of Indian female population does not work. That translated really into the fact that the amount of disposable income with the middle class was not really as high as it was thought. Thus the sales of most Consumer durables, automobiles and luxury products have falle n way short of expectations. For example- Reebok read the market pretty badly. It launched its products with fanfare, with swank outlets that were called infinity and with outrageously priced shoes that were locally sourced from Phoenix International. Everything was Indian except the brand name. However it had overlooked the fact that Indians are not so fitness conscious and sports shoes are a fashion accessory in India and worn primarily by young people. By pricing it outrageously high, it had shut out the bulk of the middle class consumers who had rather cheaper choices from Liberty, Lakhani and Action shoes. Reebok was forced to do a seconds sale in Bangalore. Having burnt its fingers the company is now redoing its strategy, lowering prices and trying to deliver for money. 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Purchasing Hybrid Organizational Structure Essay Sample free essay sample

Buying and provide direction as portion of concern direction Purchasing and Supply planning is portion of the houses general be aftering chiefly because the uninterrupted supply of natural stuffs. stuffs. constituents and services is of strategic importance to the endeavor. The Organizational construction of the buying and supply map should be aimed chiefly at associating into the houses overall construction in the most effectual manner. Purchasing and supply coordination should be aimed at harmonising and alining the activities of the buying and supply map with those of the other concern maps. Control is that component of direction which ensures that the activities are executed harmonizing to program and within the allowed parametric quantities. NB. Purchasing and supply planning is the first duty of buying and supply direction. The other direction undertakings ( organisation. coordination and control ) can merely be executed after the planning undertaking has been completed. Degrees of Purchasing and supply planning and aims:3 degrees:Highest degree – Organizational planning ( strategic planning ) Middle direction Level – Functional and Tactical Planning Lowest Level – Operational Planning at the Lowest Level. All interlinked and all should back up each degree.Highest degree – Organizational planning ( strategic planning ) Overall planning of the endeavor – Long term or strategic planning *Ensure buying demands at competitory pricing*develop bing or new providers* maintain investing in stock list every bit low as possible Middle direction Level – Functional and Tactical Planning Aims:*To enter into long term contracts with dependable providers of stuffs *To put together a undertaking squad responsible for developing providers *To survey alternate stock list control systems or the flow of stuffs to and within the endeavor. Buying ahs supply planning at in-between direction degree entails explicating derived aims. planning and effectual application if resources. Classs: 1. NeedsEnterprises demands for natural stuffs. stuffs. parts and services over the average term must be determined. – Depends to a big grade on selling research. selling and gross revenues estimations and the maestro production agenda for a dependable estimation of the measure and assortment of stuffs likely to be required by the house. 2. Buying and supply plan planning Keyword: â€Å"external† Transport. bringings. measures required. contracts Development of programs and programmes to supply for estimated demands in the most efficient manner. Planing for clip scheduled bringings. planning of conveyance. fixing the stuffs budget for the measures required. preparing and negociating contracts and understandings with providers. Important for planning: JIT. MRP 3. Buying and supply systemKeyword: Inventory. system planning. preparation. information system Planning class includes finding processs for buying activities. be aftering stock list investing and stock list control system. be aftering for forces developing and development. every bit good as be aftering the information system. Important for be aftering EDI. MRPII 4. Extraordinary UndertakingPlaning for extraordinary undertakings – Planing at in-between direction degree for buying and supply map – Purchasing capital equipment. alteration to the organisational construction of the buying and supply map and planning by big contracts between 2-5yrs. Lowest Level – Operational Planning at the Lowest Level. *To maintain sound dealingss with providers by agencies of ethical behavior and attachment to contract clauses. and besides to order on clip. *To analyze the state of affairs in the provider market and supply proficient support to developing providers. *To behavior an stock list analysis. cut down A class merchandises improve the apprehension with providers or implement JIT. Planing for specific buying and supply activities over short term. 1. Materials requirement planning ( MRP ) A stuffs demand planning ( MRP ) information system is a gross revenues forecast-based system used to schedule natural stuff bringings and measures. given premises of machine and labour units required to carry through a gross revenues prognosis. 2. Supply PlaningInvolves Negotiation. ciphering the most economic order measures and taking provider beginnings. 3. Planing the buying and supply system Planning of the buying and supply system means that specific supply activities are allocated to subgroups in the buying and supply map and that a buying and supply manual is compiled. puting out the processs for buying and supply activities. Keywords: Manual and processs 4. Extraordinary UndertakingsIt is of import to stress that in these instances. excessively operational planning trades with specific activities that should be achieved in the short term. for illustration what the endeavor wishes to accomplish in negociating a peculiar buying dealing. Purchasing and supply planning is hence incorporate to an of import grade in all three hierarchal degrees. Administration OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT The creative activity of an effectual organisational construction for the buying and supply map is a treble procedure. 1. First a determination is made about the place of the buying and supply map in the wide organisational construction of the endeavor. 2. The internal organisational construction of the buying and supply map is formulated. 3. Management decides on the extent to which all activities associating to the supply of stuffs should be integrated with other maps in the organisation and with supplier webs – harmonizing to the supply concatenation direction attack and finally the practical endeavor. Position OF Buying AND SUPPLY FUNCTION IN ENTERPRISE’S ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE READ TEXT * Organization of the buying map is affected by factors such as the followers: ?The extent of the pecuniary valuethe perceptual part of buying and supply to the enterprise’s net income the possibility of increasing net income?the assortment and nature of stuffs to be purchasedthe type of provider markettime-based competitionthe size of the endeavormanagement’s committedness to integrating Centralization versus DecentralizationIt is suggested that organisations centralize buying when purchases are a really high per centum of merchandise cost or budget ; points used by most of the runing units ; or direction feels the demand for tight control over purchases. There are many advantages and disadvantages to centralize/decentralize. Your book on pages 78 through 86 lists many of them: ? Coordinate Purchase Volumes ? Reduced Duplication of Purchasing Effort? Ability to Develop and Coordinate Procurement Strategy? Ability to Coordinate and Manage Company broad Purchasing Systems ? Development of Purchasing Expertise? Pull offing Change to Profit the Entire Organization. I would add to the list of advantages of centralisation: :? Haphazard buying patterns are minimized.? Inventory control enhanced.? Reduces work of others who don’t have that duty. ? Fewer orders. less operating disbursals.? Communication with providers enhanced through consolidation. ? It is easier to standardise the points brought if buying determinations go through one cardinal control point. ? By uniting demands. â€Å"clout† is generated by discoursing an order measure that is big plenty to truly acquire the supplier’s involvement and decreased cargo costs by cut downing bringings. ? In period of stuffs deficits. one section does non vie with another section. ? It is administratively more efficient for providers since they need non name on several people within the company. ? It provides better control over purchase committednesss thereby cut downing the possibility of illegal or unethical patterns. As one would conceive of. there are disadvantages to central ization set out in an article from Buying Today: : * Narrow specialisation and occupation ennui * Lack of occupation flexibleness* Corporate staff appears inordinate* Tendency to minimise legitimate differences in demands * Lack of acknowledgment of alone demands* Focus of corporate demands. non on concern unit strategic demands * Most knowledge sharing one-way* Common providers behave otherwise in geographic and market sections * Distance from users* Tendency to make organisational silos* Customer sections require adaptability to alone state of affairss * Top direction non able to pass clip on providers* Lack of concern unit focal point* High visibleness of buying costsHowever. there are times when it makes sense to deconcentrate. You often see decentralized buying when companies process individual natural natural stuffs ; technically oriented houses that are to a great extent involved in research ( scientists ) ; operation of multi-site institutional amp ; fabrication organisations ( centralized planning at corporate degree. telling at works degree ) ; liberty of a director ; or purchase of non-technical odds and terminals( purchase cards ) . It excessively has advantages as defined by your text: * Speed and Responsiveness* Understanding Unique Operational Requirements* Product Development Support* OwnershipIn add-on. they include such things as:* More authorization to organisations charged with that net income centre.* Better communicating with internal clients.* Broader duties for internal users. However. the disadvantages are many:* More hard to pass on among concern units* Encourages users non to be after in front* Operational versus strategic focal point* Too much focal point on local sources–ignores better supply chances* No critical mass in organisation for visibleness effectivity* Lacks clout* Sub optimisation * Business unit penchant non congruous with corporate penchant* Small differences get magnified* Reporting at low degree in organisation* Limits functional promotion chances* Ignores larger organisation considerations* Limited expertness for demands* Lack of standardisation* Cost of supply comparatively highThe perceptual experience of many clients sing the utility of the buying operation is altering through increased usage of cross-functional squads in the sourcing procedure and separation of strategic versus tactical activities ( telling functionaries for bringing orders ) . The Team Approach as Part of the Organizational StructureDriven by force per unit areas to cut down costs and better the bottom line in today’s cost scruples market place. purchasing/supply sections have. like most other maps. sought ways to streamline operations and better efficiency. One of the attacks that have enhanced the effectivity of the purchasing/supply direction map is the usage of squads. Organizations seek to unite the flexibleness of decentralised buying and the purchasing power and information sharing of centralised buying through the usage of teams–a figure of people working together on a common undertaking. Assorted types of buying and supply direction squads are used. including cross-functional squads. squads with providers. squads with clients. squads with both providers and clients. provider councils ( cardinal providers ) . buying councils. trade good direction squads. and pools ( pool purchasing with other houses ) Cross-Functional Sourcing Teams c onsists of forces from at least three maps brought together to accomplish a buying or material-related undertaking in which the squad must see purchasing/sourcing ends or determinations affecting supply base direction. Frequently. you find staff from buying. finance. technology and legal advocate. Teams with Supplier Participation make sense when demands are being developed by utilizing supplier workshops to find market place capablenesss. Confidentiality is the biggest obstruction to supplier engagement. and squads or providers may hold to subscribe a confidentiality understanding to minimise the possible consequence of this obstruction. However. this is one country that seems to still be off-limits in authorities buying. Teams with Customer Participation are developed in an attempt to be client driven since clients are the ultimately consumers. Supplier Councils are teams dwelling of cardinal providers who participate in cost decrease enterprises such as cut downing lead clip. extinguishing waste in the system. or happening more efficient processs. Buying Councils focal point on a peculiar trade good and are composed of buying directors and purchasers throughout the organisation. The ends of the council are to decently pull off the buyer-supplier relationship and promote uninterrupted betterment. Consortiums are created by separate organisations that pool their demands for common points to derive purchase with providers to achieve lower monetary values and better footings and are normally found in not-for-profit organisations. peculiarly educational establishments and health-care installations. Hybrid Organizational StructureHybrid organisational construction is widely used in companies to increase the overall productiveness. In this article. we shall cognize more about the construct and its advantages in item. Having a proper organisational construction is indispensable for companies belonging to all sectors of the economic system to do advancement on the concern forepart. A well planned organisational construction can take to increased efficiency and this will reflect on the gross and net incomes of the house. Among the different types of organisational constructions is a intercrossed organisational construction. It has been defined as the combination of the divisional every bit good as the functional constructions. A intercrossed organisational construction has all the advantages of these constructions. Knowing what is a intercrossed construction is possible merely when you know the significance of divisional and functional constructions individually. Divisional Organizational Structure The divisional organisational construction has many squads which are wholly focused on development of a individual merchandise. The best illustration of such a construction can be a auto company which sells autos with different names. Concentration on a individual merchandise can assist the company achieve flawlessness and better consequences. However. the drawback of this construction is that viing with divisions in the same company can take to struggles and office political relations. which can impact the entire end product. Functional Organizational Structure Functional organisational construction consists of the hierarchal grouping of the employees by the higher governments and they are supposed to describe their work to a individual individual in the top direction. The chief advantage of this organisational construction is that the lines of instructions are really clear and that employees come together to execute certain undertakings in the organisation which consequences in better end product. Many times. deficiency of communicating in the groups is considered as a disadvantage of functional construction. Hybrid Structure Advantages Increased EfficiencyHybrid construction consists of multiple organisational designs. It has two different organisational constructions which have been combined together. The chief purpose behind the formation of such a construction is to better the efficiency and mode of operation of the company. As we all know. running an organisation smoothly is non one man’s occupation. it requires a squad of dedicated and talented professionals. These professionals should be assigned work in the right measure and at the right clip. The most of import characteristic here is that it makes work allocation and distribution highly easy for the senior degree direction. This construction lays accent on giving employees the work in which they are experts. to guarantee that they present a good public presentation for the benefit of the organisation. Creates Unity Among the Staff MembersHybrid organisational construction is important for making a sense of integrity among the employees of the organisation. Such an organisational construction is utile to transport out concern operations on a really large-scale. Persons. belonging to different parts work closely with each other in a intercrossed organisation for attainment of set ends. Cross cultural integrity has helped many little organisations become big corporations with operations in several parts. FlexibilityThis organisational construction is much more flexible as compared to the divisional and functional constructions. Hybrid organisations have different merchandise lines which gives them competitory advantage in a market which has many participants. Flexible organisational construction helps maintain the dealingss between the senior direction and junior employees cordial through consistent duologue and interaction. Besides. all kinds of employee jobs. grudges and uncertainties are easy addressed. Decentralization of Decision-makingDecentralization of the decision-making procedure is really indispensable to do the junior degree employees a portion of the organization’s growing. It has been observed that the bossy leading procedure in which the direction lays their regulations. and when the juniors follow them without voicing their sentiment. may non be favourable for organisational growing. By giving power and rights to the junior degree employees to take some determinations on their ain. can assist construct their assurance steadily. Optimum Use of ResourcesOptimum usage of available resources is possible with the intercrossed organisational construction. Resources are valuable and if they are put to the best usage. they can assist the company accomplish its fiscal ends. Under this organisational construction. wastage of clip and resources can be wholly avoided. Apart from this construction. the matrix organisational construction. functional constructions. practical constructions and squad construction are besides well-known in the industry. Hybrid organisations are operational in both. the populace every bit good as the private sector. Hence. it caters to the demands of authorities every bit good as private organic structures which is so a major plus point. This structure’s execution is a large challenge which the company direction needs to take up earnestly. So. we conclude that this construction. is without any uncertainty. the best 1 in today’s modern concern environment. What is a Cross-Functional Team?A cross-functional squad is merely a squad made up of persons from different maps or sections within an organisation. Teams like this are utile when you need to convey people with different expertness together to work out a job. or when you want to to research a possible solution. For illustration. you might set together a squad made up of people from finance. technology. production. and procurance to come up with a solution to cut down the lead-time for a new merchandise. One attack is for squad members to be â€Å"loaned† full-time to the cross-functional squad. returning to their daily function one time their part has finished. Alternatively. they may work on a parttime footing. go oning with their bing duties alongside their cross-functional team-work. The most of import differentiation between the creative activity of a cross-functional squad and the formation of a new section is that members of a cross-functional squad maintain significant links to their daily duties and to directors in their â€Å"home† section. Note:Undertakings frequently involve people from a assortment of maps. However. undertakings tend to hold a more formal construction. have set deliverables and timelines. and have a definite terminal point. A cross-functional squad is more likely to be used when the squad has an on-going duty. or when the squad is run intoing for a short period of clip to work out a job. ChallengesIt’s ever a challenge to make a new squad. but puting up a cross-functional squad has extra troubles. For case:* Team members may still be making their â€Å"day occupations. † with the same duties. work load. and deadlines as earlier. This can take to prioritization issues. * Peoples might be loath participants. and may non be happy to take on the extra work and attempt that being portion of a cross-functional squad frequently requires. ( This may be true for you. excessively! ) * It’s more hard to put precedences. do determinations. motivate people. and manage public presentation when you don’t have direct authorization over members of the squad. * Team members may be required to utilize a different set of accomplishments in a new environment. For illustration. a coder who usually works entirely may now be required to work with others.

Oman Essay Research Paper OmanOman is a free essay sample

Oman Essay, Research Paper Oman Oman is a great topographic point to travel if you like nature. There are wild comeuppances mountains, and tropical seaboard. Peoples travel to Oman because of it beautiful lookout, interesting Arabic traditions, and writhe conditions. Some of the activities you can make there are relax, fish, scuba honkytonk, or bask Oman? s interesting civilizations. Oman is in Asia and lies on the gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. The land is bordered by United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Omans clip zone is GTM+4. Oman is around the size of Kansas. Oman has a land mass of about 300,000 kilometres. About 82 per centum of the land mass is Valleys and comeuppances, 15 per centum is mountain scopes, and 3 per centum is coastal field. Oman is really hot and dry with temperature from 18o grades to 34o grades C. Rainfall ranges from 76 to 102 millimeters per twelvemonth. Some natural jeopardies that Oman has are: Large dust storms, and periodic drouths. We will write a custom essay sample on Oman Essay Research Paper OmanOman is a or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The population of Oman is about 1.5 million and the population denseness is 9.5 per sq. kilometer. The capital of Oman is Muscat with a population of 620,000. Muscat is the most dumbly populated metropolis in Oman. The birth rate is 37.98 and the decease rate is 4.29. Oman people live in modern places or flats. The sexes of Sultanate of omans are traditionally separated with outside life. But easy Oman is going non as sexiest. Work force and Woman have distinc tive vesture. The work forces wear a white robe and a turban. The Womans wear long colourful frocks with pants underneath. The Oman eat nutrient like fish, sheep, caprine animals, and day of the months. They drink alot of java there excessively. Traditional activities they have are storytelling and association football. Sultanate of omans Speak six linguistic communications. They are: English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indior, and idioms. There official linguistic communication is Arabic. The different faiths they have are: Arbs, Islam, Muslim, Hindus, and Ibadis. Oman is the lone state in the universe that has the faith of Muslim. The faith that is the most popular is the Ibadis. Education is really difficult to acquire if you live in the countryside. There are alot of plans to assist illiterate grownups to read and compose. because 40o per centum of Oman population is illiterate. When you get to university Education is free for Oman citizens. Sultanate of omans transit is by autos, But merely in some parts of Oman. In other parts camels are at that place transit. There international transit is air planes. The things Oman Exports are: crude oil, reexports, fish, metals, and fabrics. The topographic points they export to are: Japan, China, Thailand, south Korea, and USA. The things they import are: machinery, transit equipment, manufactured goods nutrient, and unrecorded stock. The topographic points they Import from are: Japan UK, USA, and Germany. Now you know all about Oman. I hope you enjoyed my address.

Macro Environment Challenges Organizarion Today Essay Example

Macro Environment Challenges Organizarion Today Paper The Group is a key player in the manufacture and sale of electronic systems used in watch making and other industries. Maintenance Providing training and development for employees is a promise. Swatch pays much attention to be in touch with all new technologies and maintained the high level of well trained staff Maintenance is the final MM strategy decision as Swatch encourages the use of automation system and is often the most overlooked decision. Ensuring the equipment needed to produce a good/ service is functioning efficiently without devastating breakdowns is crucial to the long-term stability of a company in order to met its customers demand. Scheduling The demand for high utilization of a capital-intensive facial ¶y means effective scheduling will be important. Scheduling is an operations decision that strives to provide the right mix of labor and machines to produce goods and services at the right time to achieve both efficiency and customer service goals as Swatch anticipate the peaks and valleys in demand that may occur during a day, during the week, and at different times of the year. Therefore Scheduling and taking measures in anticipation of new ventures is in this case a critical issue. Inventory Management Stability and good quality of products require continuously effort to constrain down inventories. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment Challenges Organizarion Today specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment Challenges Organizarion Today specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment Challenges Organizarion Today specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the joint ventures and close cooperation with their supplier, Swatch can optimize their inventory levels. Excess Inventory than what is needed to satisfy customer demand leads to unnecessary costs such as storage, deterioration, obsolescence, theft, and money tied up in inventory that cannot be used for other purposes. Quality Quality is the highest objective, not only the characteristic of Swatchs products and services, but also one of their most important essences. It is trickily linked with its pursue of continuous improvement, as they perceive it as exceeding customers expectation. Also as Swatch is one of the leading companies high quality standards have to be maintained in every aspect Of its operation. 6. Product and services design Product and service design be essential to the structuring of an organization and have an effect on every aspect of the organizations strategy. The design of the output is the primary precondition for the costs, quality, appropriate funds and human resource decisions that accompany that output In all its genuineness, Swatch cares about developing products that meet specific need of its customers. Layout Design The strategy should focus on developing an economic layout that will meet the firms competitive requirements. It should improve higher utilization of space, equipment and people, improved information flow and materials, improved customer interaction and flexibility. Human resources and Job design Swatch created best working environment and growth opportunities by using Machine operators have inherently enriched jobs, so special consideration must be given to developing empowerment and enriched jobs. Also conduct both several programs to encourage Company to submit their own ideas and contribute to the companys growth such continuing innovations and automation. Also they being responsible for their own development and to take advantage of the various development opportunities available such as, submit your venture proposal. Process and capacity design Due to the inherent properties of the Swiss watches market, Swatch is required to be very flexible. Each quarter new technologies, solutions and cutting edge products are introduced. Thats why it is critical to be able to quickly adapt to changes. In this case incorporating new technologies in all the processes is invaluable and helps to achieve flexibility although Swiss watches products have rather short lives, Swatch has design the capacity to ensure meeting all the demand in such case capacity built in view of demand us ports the credibility of Swatch. 10. Maintenance Providing training and development for their employees in promises. They pay much attention to be in touch with all new technologies and maintained the high level of well trained staff Maintenance is the final MM strategy cession for the example Swatch encourages the use of automation system and is often the most overlooked decision. Ensuring the equipment needed to produce a good/service is function ins efficiently without devastating breakdowns is crucial to the long-term stability of a company just why met its customers demand CNN. The main competitive priorities of Swatch production process can be categories as follows A. Flexibility; this means that Swatch should be flexible in the following aspect I. Product flexibility; The ability to handle difficulties non standard, order to meet special customer pacification and to produce product characterized by numerous features, option size and colors. Hence Swatch should consider the product flexibility as main competitive priorities to satisfied their customers. Ii. Volume flexibility; The ability to rapidly adjust capacity in order to accelerate or decelerate production in response to change in customer demand. Swatch should make sure that they are flexible in case any adjustment happens in production process and customer demand. Iii. Process flexibility; Ability to produce small quantities of product cost effectively to meet product ix changes are easy to allocate. B. Cost Swatch Company achieved competitive advantage by adopting one or additional of the following generic competitive strategies: * Cost leadership strategy: Features of this strategy are: low cost relative to Competitors, related and standardized products, economies of scales, internally Focused, structured organization and responsibilities, with intense supervision of Labor. Differentiation strategy: This strategy is described in terms of product uniqueness, Emphasis on Marketing and research, flexible structure. * Focus strategy: This implies the focus on a narrow strategic target (buyer Group, product line or geographic market) through differentiation, low cost or both the extra cost of doing so C. Low product cost; The ability to minimize total cost of production through efficient operation process tech oenology and or scale of economics D. New product introduction; Ability to rapidly introduce larger number of product improvement or variation or totally new products E. Delivery Ability to reduce the time between order taking and customer delivering to as close to zero as possible. The ability to exactly meet quoted or anticipated livery dates and qualities. F. Quality; Swatch should look on product and process quality hence to link the term quality in eight dimensions that are: performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability, aesthetics, and perceived quality. G. Design Product with capabilities, feature, styling and operation characteristic that either superior to those of competing products. H. Service After sale services to ensure continuing customer satisfaction in order to avoid the customer turnover. CNN. The increased use of Lana and WANTS has, among other things, enabled ewe organizational structures, the movement of the locus of responsibility further down the organizational hierarchy (elimination Of middle management), and the increasing practicality of SIT operations, mass customization, etc.. The increased emphasis on seen/ice has, among other things, fostered an increased information or information technology content of many products. Firms are also increasing training because so much of the service economy is dependent upon individual competence. The increased role of women in the workplace is requires an increased emphasis on the reaction and communication of appropriate human resource policies. It may also be fostering the creation of flexible work schedules and, to a lesser degree, telecommuting. Some companies seem to be adopting the perspective that their main problem is now the management of change? as opposed to the management of a specific process or product. If nothing else, the management of change is becoming a formal part of the managers responsibility. CNN 4; Airport Customer convenience Places like airport there is big number of people both who are traveling and others waiting for passengers and other waiting to check in. The place should be arranged in a way that will avoid inconvenience to people, showing exactly places for departures, arrivals, waiting seats and all the arrangement must avoid interference. Requirements for materials handling Customers luggage requires special handling materials that will protect them during from when the customer checks in until arrive at his/her destination ;k Capital investment operations at airport needs high capital investment as it requires a lot of material handling equipments, high construction cost and other cost which make the operation more expensive. Bank layout A need to design a layout that will reduce queuing and facilitate customer services. Atmosphere Good working environment that will improve customer services and establish good relationships among employees and customers. Sales Need to consider things like loan application Communication Good communication to all stakeholders and a need to consider on availability of accurate information and smooth information flow. Capital investment More financial investment is required. Classroom Flexibility The arrangement must be ease to accommodate change due to changes likely to take place.

Impact of General Electric Choosing the Six Sigma Methodologies

Impact of General Electric Choosing the Six Sigma Methodologies Free Online Research Papers Subtitle: This management overview of General Electric will show how moving to the Six Sigma quality initiative meant going from thirty five thousand defect- per- million operations- to fewer than four defects per million for GE. The General Electric Company can be tracked back to Thomas Edison himself. In 1892 there was a merger of Edison General Electric Company and Thomas- Houston Electric Company that created General Electric Company. (ge.com, 2008) It is true that general Electric has been in existence for a long time by any standards. In fact they are the only company listed in the original Dow Jones Industrial Index in 1896 and continues to be listed to this day. Today’s General Electric Company consists of six businesses. They’re versatile working with everything from diversified technology to media to offering financial services. The products that are produced by General Electric Company range from aircraft engines to media content. General Electric Company is servicing people in over one hundred countries, and employs over three hundred thousand people. Though General Electric Company has made it through the ages, you would never know by looking at them. They have managed to stay vital and are just as influential today as they were in the late nineteen hundreds. In fact there were many of these business altering changes made in the time of John F. Welch, which began in 1981 and lasted until he retired in 2001. He made many changes that at the time might have been seen as drastic and perhaps unconventional, but these changes resulted in what no one can deny are very positive outcomes. In fact when he entered the company it had a net worth of nearly fourteen billion dollars and when he left the net worth of almost five hundred billion. General Electric Company has grown to become a successful, multifaceted company that has made many changes over the years; these changes have brought together many aspects of the company, and made them inseparable. According to General Electric Company’s web site their statement on their culture is as follows. â€Å"At General Electric, we consider our culture to be among our innovations. Over decades our leaders have built General Electric’s culture into what it is today- a place for creating and bringing big ideas to life. Today, that culture is the unifying force for our many business units around the world.† (Ge.com, 2008) This place for creating and bringing big ideas to life has shown itself over the years. Not only is General Electric Company highly innovative in it’s products and services, they have also created an environment of free and open ideas. They will listen to proposals from any employee no matter the status. What’s more is that in an interview that John F. Welch did in 1999, he said that they bring in people of all ranks and functions when there is a problem or an opportunity. Examples he gave were â€Å"Managers, secretaries, engineers, line workers, and sometimes customers and suppliers- together into in a room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  After these differing people were all in one place they would begin to search for answers and then they would act on the information discovered. (Abernathy, 1999) It is this that has been called their boundryless organization. They do not keep ideas and information to themselves because they believe they might need it later or they think they might n ot be heard. The organizational culture of General Electric Company is more open and free flowing than their competitors. Through the 1980’s and the 1990’s General Electric Company developed their unique style of management and culture by implementing new concepts. They put Work Out, and six stigma into place and made themselves â€Å"the stuff of the global management culture.† (Colvin, 2006) These were new and rarely used practices that General Electric Company put into place and made them succeed. These practices have managed to affect all ranges of the organization, but they are obvious in the culture, motivation, as well as greatly changing the way they run their human resources. General Electric Company has made all of their employees, no matter their standing; continue their education in these areas. It is their belief that through continuing to learn and then teaching each other is the path to excellence. As John F. Welch puts it, â€Å"Our businesses do learn from each other. They’re a wellspring of ideas and learning, with tens of thousands of people playing alternate roles of teacher and student.† (Abernathy, 1999) It is this thought process that has not only kept them afloat all of these years but has also made then a success to learn from. In fact, out of the past ten years, General Electric Company has been voted the most admired company by Fortune magazine. It is not because they have the best profits or the highest stock, but because they are strong and reliable. They are always one or two steps ahead of the pack with their innovative practices. â€Å"The results of General Electric Company’s seamless, constant reinvention of itself are that while companies are constantly emulating General Electric Company, they’re frequently a step or more behind, and they know it.† (Colvin, 2006) This article also explains that in order for the General Electric Company to receive this award year after year, or even for just one year, they would have to be voted in by other business professionals. It is not a panel of people that might or might not be allied to General Electric, but it is a panel of people that might or might not be in competition with the General Electric Company. It is a sort of MVP of the business world. â€Å"Practically everyone in business realizes this. General Electric Company’s record of being ahead of the game is remarkable.† (Colvin, 2006) This nearly immaculate record is part of the employee’s motivation. According to the General Electric Company’s web site’s page on their people â€Å"General Electric attracts leaders with an extraordinary combination of attributes; vision, passion, and deep sensitivity to the big issues that challenge the world around them. A remarkable thing happens when you bring together employees who are driven to make a difference; they do.† (ge.com, 2008) These people are motivated because there are new and free flowing ideas all around them. They are working in a fast paced and ever changing company. There are also many people above and around them that are trained to be there to motivate. I am sure it is also motivating to know that there are consequences for performing below the bar. The Motorola Company pioneered the six stigma, and accomplished success. After their success the Allied Signal embraced it and experienced the same return of success. This history of the six stigma’s success made it much easier and faster for General Electric Company to embrace the system to find their own positive results. (Abernathy, 1999) John F. Welch explains six stigma as: â€Å"The six sigma quality initiative means going from approximately thirty five thousand defect- per- million operations- which is the average for most companies, including General Electric- to fewer than four defects per million in every element of every process that General Electric engages in everyday, from manufacturing a locomotive part, to servicing a credit card account, to processing a mortgage application to answering the phone.† John F. Welch (Abernathy, 1999) When making the decision to implement six stigma there were many positives but two that standout the most were the fact that all of the companies executives desired the concept of having absolutely no defects mo matter the amount of services or products, while that is slightly unreasonable, having three point four is as close to perfect as can be expected. The other reason that stood above the rest was to improve financial performance. What better way to do that than to make you product need less repair or even needing to be completely redone. Having less mistake will inevitably cost less. The way that General Electric Company monitors the six stigma process is through quarterly customer surveys and manufacturing checks done daily by the internal engineers. (Henderson Evens, 2000) In order to make sure that their employees were armed with the information they would need to have to succeed, General Electric Company gave every employee thirteen full days of training. Also in order to make sure that their employees complied with the training, General Electric Company made it mandatory to have completed the training in order to be considered for a promotion. These are great steps, but they also seem small and simple. But in reality there is no better way to ensure the triumph of a change like this one than to inform and educate your employees thoroughly on what the change is and how it will work. (Henderson Evens, 2000) These quarterly evaluations are key to an employee earning a promotion, keeping their current status, and even keeping their jobs at all. This is the human resources departments’ responsibility. General Electric Company works hard to develop their employees and make them stronger, but they are also well known for evaluating them and then acting quickly on the results. It is a little loved fact that every year General Electric Company fires the bottom ten percent of the employees. â€Å"Most companies, frankly, do not have the stomach to give frequent, rigorous evaluations- and fire those that need to be fired.† (Colvin, 2006) This must not makes things easy for those in the Human Resources Department of General Electric. They know that every year they are going to have to fire a good number of people, but the truth of the matter is that most of those employees that are losing their jobs probably see it coming. They know what is in their evaluations, and what is more tha n that, they know what they are doing at work and how well they are doing it. According to the new CEO of General Electric Company, Jeff Immelt, â€Å"The ability to demand high performance without being heartless has been a part of General Electric for a long time.† (Colvin, 2006) The truth of the matter is that there are many wonderful things that are happening at the General Electric Company. If they were not happening the company would not be being voted for by their competitors as the most admired company in America. Over the years they have had their ears to the ground looking for that next big idea that will either make them more successful than they already are or will make them better at what they are doing. The more noticeable changes like the six sigma are making every aspect of the company work on the same issues. There is also fact that there are times when even a man down working on the line might just be pulled in for some brainstorming with the executives that has made this company so desirable to work for. Because they are in fact desirable they have a staff of employee that want to be there and are motivated to do what they need to so that they can stay there or even move up. â€Å"What sets it apart is a culture that uses this wide diversity as a limitless source of learning opportunities, a storehouse of ideas whose richness is unmatched in world business. At the heart of this culture is an understanding that an organization’s ability to learn, and translate that learning into action rapidly, is the ultimate competitive business advantage.† John F. Welch (Abernathy, 1999) It is because of this that General Electric is thriving and will continue to do so. There are departments that are segregating the company but at the same time the same company is using those differences as a tool. General Electric Company has grown to become a successful, multifaceted company that has made many changes over the years; these changes have brought together many aspects of the company, and made them inseparable. References Abernathy, D. J. (1999). Leading-edge Learning: two views. Training Development, 53, 40-42. Retrieved December 16, 2007, from Thomas Gale database. Colvin, G. (2006, February 22). What makes GE great? CNNMoney.com. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/21/magazines/fortune/mostadmired_fortune_ge/index.htm G E .com. (2008). Retrieved January 11, 2007, from ge.com/company/businesses/factsheets/corporate.html Henderson, K. M., Evens, J. R. (2000). Successful Implementation of Six Sigma: Benchmarking General Electric Company. Benchmarking, 7, 260. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from ProQuest database. Maccoby, M. (1991). Closing the Motivation Gap. Research Technology Management, 34, 50. Retrieved February 8, 2008, from ProQuest database. Williams, W. (2008, January 2). Selfishness is motivation that gets things done. Deseret News. Retrieved December 17, 2007, from ProQuest database. Research Papers on Impact of General Electric Choosing the Six Sigma MethodologiesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

The Market Economy in Jacksonian America. Did it benefit or hurt Research Paper - 1

The Market Economy in Jacksonian America. Did it benefit or hurt america - Research Paper Example According to Jackson, the proper road to reform lay in an absolute acceptance of majority rule as was expressed through the democratic process. However, beyond these general principles, Jacksons campaign was particularly vague about specific policies. As an alternative, it stressed Jacksons life story as a man who had risen from modest origins to become a Tennessee planter who was successful. His claim to peculiarity lay in a military career that included service as a young man in the Innovatory War, some anti-Indian campaigns, and, of course, his topmost moment in the Battle of New Orleans at the end of 1812 war.2 Jacksons election marked a new direction in American politics. He was the first president to be elected from the west, certainly, the first president from a state other than Massachusetts or Virginia. He confidently proclaimed himself to be the common man champion and he believed that their interests were ignored by the aggressive national economic plans of and Adams and clay. Nevertheless, more than this, when Martin Van Buren followed Jackson as a president, this indicated that the Jacksonian movement had long-term significance that would outlast his own alluring leadership. In the year 1834, President Andrew Jackson was celebrating the â€Å"glorious victory.† The old warrior who battled the Seminoles, the British and the creeks now was cheering his victory over a president who was referred to as â€Å"colossal of corruption.† Now, who was the giant that jack had to eliminate from the world two earlier years? This mammoth was the bank of the United States of America and Jackson’s defeat of the bank and its president, Biddle, was among the most important legacies of his presidency.3 The bank of the United States had been formed in the year 1791. It was chartered by the federal government, its stock was owned jointly by private investors and the government. It served as the bank of the government- center of tax revenues were being